2. Empirical attenuation formula for estimating seismic intensity

Recently, the technical paper on the attenuation characteristics of seismic intensity is very little. Some of the empirical attenuation formula uses the seismic intensity at the epicenter to estimate the intensity at the distant place from source. The empirical attenuation formulas proposed in following three papers can estimate the seismic intensity from magnitude and the distance from seismic source.

1) Watanabe, K., T. Usami, O. Hamamatsu, S. Hisamoto and T. Yamashita, 1988, Attenuation Characteristics of the Earthquakes after the Meiji Era, Historical Earthquakes (Rekishi-Jishin), No. 4, 11-20, (in Japanese).

2) B. F. Howell, Jr. and T. R. Schultz, 1975, Attenuation of Modified Mercalli Intensity with Distance from the Epicenter, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol. 65, No. 3, 651-665.

3) M. Erdik, V. Doyuran, N. Akkas and P. Gulkan, 1985, A Probabilistic Assessment of the Seismic Hazard in Turkey, Tectonophysics, No. 117, 295-344.