2. Empirical attenuation formula for estimating seismic intensity

Recently, the technical paper on the attenuation characteristics of seismic intensity is very little. Some of the empirical attenuation formula uses the seismic intensity at the epicenter to estimate the intensity at the distant place from source. The empirical attenuation formulas proposed in following five papers can estimate the seismic intensity from magnitude and the distance from seismic source.

1) Watanabe, K., T. Usami, O. Hamamatsu, S. Hisamoto and T. Yamashita, 1988, Attenuation Characteristics of the Earthquakes after the Meiji Era, Historical Earthquakes (Rekishi-Jishin), No. 4, 11-20, (in Japanese).

2) B. F. Howell, Jr. and T. R. Schultz, 1975, Attenuation of Modified Mercalli Intensity with Distance from the Epicenter, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol. 65, No. 3, 651-665.

3) M. Erdik, V. Doyuran, N. Akkas and P. Gulkan, 1985, A Probabilistic Assessment of the Seismic Hazard in Turkey, Tectonophysics, No. 117, 295-344.

4) Howard Hwang, Chih-Kun Lin and Yeong-Tein Yeh, 2004, Derivation of Attenuation Relations of Arias Intensity Using the Chi-Chi Earthquake Data, 13^th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-6, Paper No. 3108.

5) Shinichi Matsuzaki, Yoshiaki Hisada, Yoshimitsu Fukushima, 2006, Attenuation Relations of JMA Seismic Intensity Applicable to Near Source Region, J. Struct. Constr. Eng., AIJ, No. 604, 201-208 (in Japanese).